Wuga

Henry Wuga – Immigration

Henry describes how the Kindertransport system enabled him to leave Germany and come to Britain. He was initially looked after by relatives of his mother who lived in Glasgow. These relatives and other Jewish families helped him to settle in.

I came to Glasgow on Kindertransport. My mother asked the committee [who] found a place for me on the Kindertransport but we had a connection in Glasgow.

In Glasgow my mother’s cousin, Mrs Gummers, Gummers the dentist; they emigrated to Glasgow from Germany so my mother asked Greta Gummers could she find a place for me and then the committee in Glasgow, the Ladies Committee – Mrs Thora Wolffson and Mrs Thelma Mann found me a place and I came by Kindertransport to Glasgow.

INT: Can you tell us about the, your experiences when you were coming to Glasgow? Coming on the Kindertransport?

H.W: Yes well it’s traumatic to start with. You’re taken to the station, you wave goodbye to your parents, you have no idea whether you will ever see them again. It was quite traumatic really. On the other hand, may I tell you being a boy, and being somewhat adventurous I was always interested in travel and where to go and what to do.

I fully understood, coming from Nurnberg, I meanI was politically aware of what, why and where and how. I said to my mother ‘Why must I go with this train straight into London and then into Glasgow? Why can’t I take a train via Paris and stay with my cousin for a week?’

It wasn’t, it wasn’t like that but you understand?

INT: Yes

H.W: In any case, we, you’re in the train with all these other children – some very young, some very traumatised, crying whatever. When we crossed the German frontier things became easier.

The German soldiers left the train. We were in Holland and you were – everybody will tell you from the Kindertransport – in Holland, whenever the train stopped at the station there were groups of women, Dutch women, with chocolate and apples and sandwiches – it was really quite amazing. Hoek van Holland, overnight in the boat. The first time I crossed the channel – the first time I’d seen the sea – mind you – it was night time.

I arrived in Harwich the next morning, again onto a train, taken to Liverpool Street Station, underground, a huge waiting room, I mean down below. A black hole, there must have been about two hundred children in it.

All the paraphernalia of the committees and children being collected and myself and another two children were kept there. We were sitting there for hours. Everybody was collected; we were not. We were going on to Glasgow the next day so we stayed in London overnight at some Hostel. So you’re sitting there for hours, it was quite, quite horrendous. But next day we left, we left for Glasgow.

We were taken to Euston Station by the Flying Scotsman, never having been in a compartment with upholstery before. I mean in Germany we travelled third class in wooden benches. It was quite interesting and we were taken to the dining car and we had waiters.

I mean the waiter had white gloves [and there were] silver teapots and I remember that little girl wouldn’t take this or that, she wanted hot chocolate – well, she got hot chocolate so that was quite an experience coming here, quite a… Arriving in Glasgow of course I was collected by my second cousin and taken to my new lodgings.

INT: And what, who did you lodge with?

H.W: The, the lady that took me in was a Mrs Eta Harwich. She lived in Queens Drive; 169 Queens Drive. The lady must have been in her mid sixties; her children were all grown up, obviously no longer in Glasgow.

One daughter was in Glasgow, her son who ran the factory (she still had an upholstery factory) he was still at home and they took me in. She was a wonderful lady, very, very intellectual lady, I must say. She took me to the theatre, she took me to music and she made me feel very much at home.

It was very, very interesting; very kind people.

INT: But it must have been traumatic for you Henry?

H.W: It is. The language is different, the food is different – everything is different, but well you just have to cope with it. It was traumatic but, I mean, I did manage to get through it. Some of the younger ones found it rather difficult

INT: What age were you when you arrived in Glasgow?

H.W: Fifteen and a half

INT: Fifteen and a half and what, did you go to school then?

H.W: Yes. Well, the first thing that happened, Mrs Harwich had grandchildren and friends in the West End and I met with them; I was taken there obviously. The Sassoons of Kirkcudbright, the family Sassoon. David Sassoon and his wife Vera lived in Kirkcudbright with two sons. They invited me on holiday. So I came here, I was taken in, Mrs Harwich insisted that I should go to school, which was, I went to Queens Park School – only for a few weeks because then the holidays intervened. Yes, the summer holidays. And then I went to the Sassoon’s for four weeks.

INT: Was that a relative of Siegfried?

H.W: Exactly, a relative of Siegfried, a brother of Siegfried, yes, oh yes, a brother of Siegfried – David Sassoon a painter, who moved to Kirkcudbright with his wife and two sons. He didn’t have anything to do with the banking and the horseracing.

He moved to Kirkcudbright his son still lives in Kirkcudbright (he’s Joey Sassoon, still a very good friend of mine).

That was interesting; they had a huge house in Kirkcudbright – lovely. Carpets and paintings and whatnot but we lived on Carrick Shore in a hut, no electricity, no water, tilley lamps, I mean that’s how it was. My first connection with the sea, now I don’t know if you know the Solway Firth?

INT: Yes

H.W: The tide goes out for three miles so, you be careful you’re not caught by the tide. It was very interesting for me; wonderful time to be had with another friend, we stayed with them for three weeks, and I’ve been friendly with them ever since.

When we came back to Glasgow I went back to school.

INT: Yes

Henry Wuga – Life During The War

In this section Henry describes his life when he reached Britain as a Kindertransport refugee. His first placement when the war broke out was in a farm in Perthshire but fairly soon he found himself being treated as an enemy alien and was interned in various places, eventually on the Isle of Man.

H.W: Now, I went back to school and then war broke out. Remember we were friendly enemy aliens due to religious persecution; this was our standard. But the minute the war broke out, the police came. There was a curfew, I had to be in by ten-thirty; being an enemy alien.

And the police came to the door but there was no problem, we weren’t hounded, I mean people were friendly. Only certain things you had to do. I went back to school for two days then we were evacuated. From Queens Park Station I was evacuated to Perthshire, a little place called Guildtown. On a farm, I was very lucky. We had two children, a big farm, six hundred acres with a tractor, horses, a bothy so I learned to speak Scots ‘You know Tatties and stuff like that. We did potato picking obviously and we worked quite a bit on the farm which was great and there was no shortage of food.

We had cream (I mean it was a farm after all) there were tinned peaches and there were pheasants – it was absolutely wonderful and I went to the local village school in Guildtown and then I was transferred to Perth to the bigger school Perth Academy. Perth Academy did not accept me; my English wasn’t good enough, ok. I was sent to a Junior Secondary school Balhousie Boys School, Perth.

These things stay with you because you’re young. Now, I’m quite glad that Perth Academy didn’t accept me. Balhousie Boys School, the headmaster Mr Borthwick. He was very kind to me and I was the only foreign boy there in Perth. [The school was] opposite the Black Watch Barracks.

I was there about three months. [We] did one [of] Shakespeare’s plays, Macbeth. Now that, funnily enough, I got to grips with. I can still quote you whole passages of Macbeth to this day and they were very kind. Certain exams I could sit in German and somebody would translate it into English and I got a leaving certificate eventually. I got fairly good marks only being there after a few months. We were transferred from that farm eventually. We were transferred to the other, the other side of Perth; [to] a village by the name of Forgandenny near Bridge of Earn. The house of Colonel Sir James Hutchison, a country estate, was taken over by the Glasgow School system and we were lodged there with thirty or forty other children.

There were another two Jewish children. So we stayed in this fancy house for wee bit then we took the train into school, there was no problem. It was very nice, it was well catered for.

This was the time of Dunkirk, so there were road blocks, I mean you know, they put cement bollards over the road; the tank could have gone round the field, it didn’t matter. In any case road blocks so you had to show identification. I had an alien’s book. So the little soldiers, they were looking for German spies. Here I come on my bicycle [going to school], there is written down ‘nationality – German’.

Well, the soldier, I can only tell you he nearly wet his pants. I mean, he sent for his corporal, the corporal sent for the sergeant, the sergeant sent for the officer.

He said ‘Let the boy go to school’ and it is quite [true], this remains in your memory. Yes. So that, it went on like that. No problem.

I corresponded with my parents. That became the problem afterwards and as I, when I became sixteen I should have registered. That was after Christmas, [in] February, I forgot to register and [Perthshire] became a protected area.

You may not be aware of that, the whole of Great Britain ending within five miles of the coast or certain parts of the country where they stored ammunition or they had army barracks were not allowed for enemy aliens of any kind to stay there. So, I had to leave.

I had to leave school and I was sent home to Glasgow, back to Mrs Harwich because this became a protected area; you simply could not stay. Edinburgh was protected, you couldn’t stay anywhere near the coast.

So I came home to Glasgow and it didn’t last very long, [Now] I have a different story. I was then arrested for corresponding with the enemy. May I, may I explain to you. I wrote to my mother and father. When war broke out, of course, this postal service ceases completely but I had uncles in Paris and in Belgium and I wrote to my uncle in Belgium Salo Wurtzburger, and he sent the letters to my mother – the letters were censored.

I was accused of corresponding with the enemy which was an [offence], in war time you know, we’re laughing about it now but it was a very serious offence. I’ve got, if the archives are in there, I’ve got these letters etc here. In any case I was told to come to a tribunal in Edinburgh, the committee arranged a lawyer for me. We went to Edinburgh, the lawyer was not allowed in so I’m here, I’m sixteen years of age, I’m standing in the High Court in Edinburgh, Sir James Strachan – [who] became Lord Strachan later – and two assessors. Who were well informed, they even knew that my uncle in Paris had changed address so they were, I was amazed how well informed they were. I committed this offence and I was found guilty of that offence.

This was the problem, they didn’t know what to do with me. You are underage; I was, I wasn’t handcuffed – thank God for that. I was taken from the Court to Haymarket Station, Edinburgh. I was locked in a compartment to Queen Street. And at Queen Street two detectives came on the train and opened the compartment, took me to Queens Drive to Mrs Harwich. I was to pack a case. I had two phone calls, I was allowed two phone calls and I was taken away. They were very kind, I mean traumatic yes, I mean but you’re sixteen, you’ve just got to cope with it. Traumatic it was I grant you. Nevertheless there was no ill treatment, no abuse or anything like that. The two detectives were very, you know, they’ve got a kid there, what are they to do?

Got to St Andrew’s Square Police Station which in these days was..

The sergeant said ‘Canny take him – nae laddie under seventeen is allowed in a cell’ Very civilised country, Scotland.

So they didn’t know what to do with me. They sent me to a remand home in St Vincent Street. Now, a remand home which contained young children from other remand homes who are to appear in court the next day. So I got to this remand home, I must have been the oldest. [The others were] twelve year olds. The first thing he said ‘What did ye dae?’ I didn’t dae nothing you see! So I ended up at the bottom of the pile and the, the commander, the chairman, no the manager of this remand home, he was very kind but very naïve.

He was very naïve, even I knew better. You know, in these days we all smoked. You just smoked. You weren’t allowed cigarettes – he said ‘You must leave the cigarettes in my office and if you want to smoke come to my office’

Now, I knew better. I mean you’re in, you’re in amongst the lot you don’t go to the manager’s office for a smoke. You would have been absolutely… I knew better than that. I was there for three days then they decided they had to take me, they took me to Maryhill Barracks which doesn’t exist anymore. Maryhill Barracks, in Maryhill Road.

I was put in an underground bunker with twenty, well I can’t say German soldiers, German merchant seamen. I don’t know if you know or remember, there was the Icelandic Blockade. The British Navy would not let any, any foreign ships come, to supply Germany. So when they captured the ship they interned the crew. So these were German merchant seamen who I was interned with in Maryhill Barracks for at least three weeks, which wasn’t pleasant I can tell you. Some were very anti, one or two were quite kind and we were there for several weeks and then we were transferred to Donaldson School in Edinburgh; you know the deaf and dumb school?

That became our internment camp where we were interned there for quite a while.

I’m now going back to the internment camp in Edinburgh. The, I can remember the commander of that camp (Well, camp is strong; it was a school, there were only these twenty German merchant seamen and myself) and he said ‘Is there anybody here that can cook?’

Well I, even then I learned, you know, any volunteer for something, even if you’re in a prison camp, it always helps you. I said ‘Yes’ Well, I was put in charge of the kitchen but I had these German sailors as my kitchen staff. One called me a dirty Jew and another one knocked him out or whatever. In any case the commander said to me ‘You have to prepare a meal for two hundred people arriving within the next seventy-two hours’

Because by then general internment of friendly enemy aliens was decreed in the Cabinet. nothing has changed [since]. The tabloid press, ‘The Express’, particularly ‘The Daily Mail’ you know, ‘Intern them, intern them – they’re enemy aliens!’

And Churchill got fed up, and he said ‘Collar the lot’ and he banged the table in Cabinet and we ended up, we ended up eventually on the Isle of Man.

So I came from there to various other camps. It was very traumatic but you learn; you learn a lot. Eventually I spent ten months in internment in the, in the Isle of Man.

On the Isle of Man where we were very well treated but it was a high powered learning curve for a young boy. I mean, I must have been amongst one of the youngest.

Most people were in their mid forties and whatnot. A lot of academics, a lot of, I mean a lot of music. The Amadeus Quartet, Lord Weidenfeld. All the winners of prizes. Of the Nobel prizes, of prestigious prizes, Rudolf Peierls the atomic people, they were all there. This was a high powered learning curve. I remember these men playing chess, you know, they had, I mean they had wives and children ashore. Playing chess with their back to the table. You were allowed five seconds for a move; call out the square. So it was, this was the kind of place it was.

The problem was I got a new roommate and he tried to get me drunk a few times he said he was an officer, a German army officer working for the British Aluminium Company in Fort William, which was quite true. But he wasn’t; he was an MI5 man. His German was perfect, his English was perfect – fantastic.

So he pumped me for information – I didn’t have any information. All I can say, I really think they did suspect me of writing these letters. You know, a child, letters can be used to communicate with the enemy quite simply.

In any case I was released. During my stay in the camp I was again before tribunals and I went from ‘Enemy A’ (dangerous enemy alien) down to ‘B’ then I became ‘C’ and when I became ‘C’ (friendly enemy alien) the commander said to me, he said ‘I’m sorry, you are under the age of internment; we have to send you home’

Now, after ten months interment the worst thing was being sent home. You were given a ticket and then you’re in the open wide world.

You’ve been with your group of people absolutely, you know. Be it army or prison- it doesn’t matter. So here you go, you have to change trains in Preston. It was all…you managed but it was quite, was quite frightening

INT: Yes

H.W: Only two years ago I say to myself, this story – I mean did they really suspect me? C’mon. So I wrote to my MP, I said

‘What can I do?’ he said ‘Well, write to the National Archives’

Well lo and behold, it’s all there. They sent me stuff. They sent me stuff which has to be secret for another twenty-seven years.

I said ‘Do me a favour’ But because I’m the enquirer and I’m the subject of the enquiry they released all these things for me and I’ve got all the correspondence from the National Archives. I mean when you think, seventy years later it’s all there and you can access it under the Freedom of Information Act.

INT: Yes

H.W: It’s quite amazing

INT: Yes. And did that explain?

H.W: It did yes. Oh yes it explained to you; I can show you. I’ve got all these things, I think I might give them to the archives in Glasgow

INT: Yes. You can scan it I think yes

H.W: They can scan it, they can look at it, yes. It’s very interesting – all this correspondence

INT: What does that reveal about why you were there?

H.W: What does it reveal? It only revealed…it, it didn’t reveal anything. It said, one, yes, one chief constable said ‘The boy should not be left in freedom, he is a danger, he should be interned.’

And when they examined me again it said, he said ‘Excuse me, the boy’s of above average intelligence and he should return to Mrs Harwich in Glasgow’

So you see how it changed over the period. It was very interesting

Henry Wuga – Life Before The War

Henry Wuga describes his life at school in Nürnberg in the 1930s and as an apprentice in a Baden Baden hotel. He gives an eye witness account of Crystal Night (1938) in his home town.

INT: Henry, can I ask you first of all when and where were you were born and what was your name at birth?

H.W: My name at birth was Heinz Martin Wuga. I was born in Nürnberg, Germany on the 23rd of February 1924.

INT: OK. When did you arrive in Scotland?

H.W: I arrived in Scotland on the 5th of May 1939

INT: So what age were you then?

H.W: Fifteen and a half

INT: Yes. How did and why did you come to Scotland?

H.W: Well we came to Scotland because we had to get out of Germany – this is fairly obvious through what went on there especially coming from the town of Nürnberg where the notorious Nürnberg laws were promulgated in 1935.

At home I had a very nice upbringing with my father and mother, I’m an only child. But my mother, coming from a catering background (My grandfather had a brewery) my mother decided at the age of fourteen I would, I should leave school.

She said ‘You better learn something, you’ll need it’. And I became an apprentice in a very strictly kosher hotel in Baden Baden in the Black Forest, at the age of fourteen. And I was only there six months up until Kristallnacht. I learned a lot but that stood me in good stead.

INT: What about your parents Henry?

H.W: My parents. My father Karl Wuga came from Austria, my mother Lore Wurzburger came from Heilbronn, Württemberg. They, they got married in the early twenties as, after my, I believe my father was a prisoner in the First World War in Italy and then obviously they got married and I came along in 24.

My mother must have been in her late thirties by then, yes. I was an only child. My father had a small stationary business, a wholesale stationary business which he ran himself (and my mother helped there) and then of course when Hitler came things became very difficult.

I left by Kindertransport. My father died in 1941 of a heart attack in, during an air raid. Really, I don’t think it had anything to do with the air raid, he passed away, and my mother was left alone which was, of course, fairly horrible for her. We had neighbours behind, in the house behind.

[Fanny Rippel lived there, who was] a girl a year older than I was, very staunch catholic, she worked for Caritas this big catholic organisation in Germany and through her the chairman of Caritas (a very high powered, monsignor he knew my mother well), he arranged for her to be taken away to a village and hidden (I mean, money changed hands, there’s no question about that) and in the village she pretended she was a refugee from the east. You know, nothing Jewish was said otherwise nobody would have taken her in and she survived there. She survived there for a year and a half I think and then the Americans came and won the war and marched into Germany. The first contact I had with my mother, an American soldier, a Jewish-American soldier wrote to me and that’s how we got in contact.

So [my mother] with this Fanny went back to Nurnberg. Our flat was destroyed in bombing. My mother was a very forceful character, She simply marched across the road to a woman in her flat (who was a Nazi intruder) and told her ‘Right you go out and I go in’ – and she did, and she and that girl took over that flat and she survived there.

The problem was to get her out, the difficulties you have no idea. If you ever have anything to do with the Home Office, I mean you read the paper every day with all these incomers of the refugees, my heart bleeds for them.

INT: Did you ever go back to Germany?

H.W: Yes, yes. Good question. I certainly go back to Germany. Why? At the beginning we went back to Germany because the people that hid my mother saved her life, and they put themselves on the line, if they would have been found out they would have been shot, so I owed something to these people. They were very friendly, they don’t exist any longer, they’ve all passed away. The town of Nürnberg invited us, you know, they invite Jewish ex residents now and again. We’ve been there and Nürnberg of course is trying to transform itself from the notorious town where the party rallies were held to, to a community which will look after other people. I mean in Nürnberg there’s now a street with fifteen pillars for peace and friendship. It’s quite unbelievable how the town is trying to live down this horrendous history.

When the Nazi rallies were on. I mean, there were hundreds of thousands of these people and they were marching past our street (we were living in one of the main streets) and we had a domestic maid who was very left wing, a German girl, very left wing. And one day she opened the window and she put her hand out and she shouted out ‘The mustard is running over the brown shirts’

Now my father pulled her in, shut the windows. We would have been smashed to bits and pieces. Crystal Night, I escaped Crystal Night, I was in Baden Baden in Tannhauser as an apprentice. Well, I really learned a lot there because the chef was taken away to the German army.

I’ll give you another, I’ve got lots of tales but we got a new supervisor, a young woman. We had fifty pounds of spinach for lunch – do you know what fifty pounds of spinach looks like? So she picks up the first leaf and she examines it.

I said ‘what do you think?’

She said ‘I’m looking, I’m looking, I have to examine it’ [for insects]

I said ‘I’m sorry, you cannot, [do this one leaf at a time] it will not be ready tomorrow’.

I mean I was fourteen and a half. We washed it four times in salted water. She accepted that but just shows you, you know, it’s absolutely, that was that hotel, very strict, very strict.

I also learned a lot there but again Crystal Night came. I worked there for six months until I went home on the, I think on the 2nd of November. I worked for six months, six days a week/six and a half days a week. I got a half day off, ok? That’s how it was in these days. Not only that, you had to pay them to learn [a trade], you follow? Very strict. So after six months I said ‘I’m going home to see my parents’

[They said] ‘You can’t do that’

I said ‘Well I’m sorry, I’m going to see my parents’

In Baden Baden the whole community was locked into the Synagogue and was set alight. Nobody lost their life, nevertheless I went home. I was at home on Crystal Night but they didn’t come to our house. They came to all the houses around us and they… I saw people getting beaten up, I saw a piano flying out of a first floor window smashing on the pavement – unbelievable. We had to leave, it was quite important that we had to leave. When the Nürnberg Laws came out, when Hitler came. I went to the local school and then there were three Jewish boys in the class. You were sat at the back, nobody would speak to you, neither the teachers nor anybody else. Nürnberg and Fürth was like Glasgow/Paisley – a smaller town. This side Nurnberg, a frum town, now, a bit like Gateshead. Now, Fürth had a Jewish Grammar school, had a Jewish old age home and a Jewish orphanage.

So we went to school in Fürth, Israelitische Realschule, in Fürth- a very good school [Henry Kissinger was in the year above me]. The only trouble is there were fifty-two in the class. Because that was Hitler time. We went there by tram, back and forward; it wasn’t far. It was an excellent school. One of the teachers had to be non-Jewish, you know, they’d have them, the government insisted so they could see what was going on. But it was a very good school the only thing obviously, in the morning, Chummash you know, the Rabbi was very strict. So [a] typical Jewish school. In the tram car, there were two trailers; boys were to be in the back, girls in the front.

But it didn’t work like that. We had some very good teachers, some very intelligent teachers, very good, but we also weren’t always very kind to them. For example, you know when the teacher was bit weak he was immediately sidelined by the children, it was horrible. But it was a very good school, excellent school I must say and I was taken away from that school unfortunately to go to Baden Baden, to learn something which, in retrospect, my mother was clever, you know

INT: Yes

H.W: Was quite clever, it stood me in good stead

INT: Yes that’s right. Maybe she had prescience

H.W: Yes, I know. Life is, well I’m lucky to be fit and able and very happy to be here

Wuga

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